[1974] 41–49). This has the effect of personalizing the suffering of a great number of people. In Rev 18:7, on the other hand, the excessive pride of Babylon is personalized in the brief soliloquy in which Babylon is presented as boasting in the persona of a proud queen. This proud boast may be an intentional allusion to the theme of the eternal permanence of Rome in imperial propaganda (Vergil Aeneid 6.781–82; Rutilius Namatianus De red. 1.115–40). For Vergil the Romans are rerum domini, “lords
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